Gas Metal Arc Welding

ABSTRACT:

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is an arc welding process that joins metals together by heating them with an electric arc that is established between a consumable electrode (wire) and the work-piece. Shielding of the arc and the molten weld pool is often obtained by using inert gases such as argon and helium, and this is why GMAW is also called the metal–inert gas (MIG) welding process. Since non-inert gases, particularly CO2, are also used, GMAW seems a more appropriate name.


Gas Metal Arc Welding pdf



Gas Metal Arc Welding ppt

Resource Conservation

ABSTRACT:

Resources are the things from the environment which are useful to human beings. Natural resources are resources we get from nature (example: fossil fuels, water, minerals from soil). The term conservation came into use in the late 19th century and referred to the management, mainly for economic reasons, of valuable natural resources. But conservation of natural resources is now usually embraced in the broader conception of conserving the earth itself by protecting its capacity for self-renewal. Particularly complex are the problems of non-renewable resources such as oil and coal and other minerals in great demand. The growing population, rapid industrialisation and urbanisation have created heavy demand on all these materials. Conservation of resources not only means the protection but also the judicious use of the resources so that they don't get exhausted. Management of the human use of natural resources to provide the maximum benefit to current generations while maintaining capacity to meet the needs of future generations is called Conservation of resources.

Essentiality of resources to satisfy the needs of humans as living organisms is mentioned and so is exhaustibility of most of them. Conservation is the main point of the answer to this resource crisis. Present state of this problem is very alarming and will go fully out of control if we don’t act quickly and spontaneously. This is one of the main problems of civilisation at present and this problem cannot be managed without the help of everyone. And to get everyone’s help at first everyone should be known about the matter. Awareness should be generated and spread among the people. And that’s why this topic has been chosen to be discussed.

resource conservation doc

Gas Welding

ABSTRACT:

Although the oxyacetylene process has been introduced long time ago it is still applied for its flexibility and mobility. Equipment for oxyacetylene welding consists of just a few elements, the energy necessary for welding can be transported in cylinders.Process energy is obtained from the exothermal chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible gas, Figure 1.2. Suitable combustible gases are C2H2, lighting gas, H2, C3H8 and natural gas; here C3H8 has the highest calorific value. The highest flame intensity from point of view of calorific value and flame propagation speed is, however, obtained with C2H2. C2H2 is produced in acetylene gas generators by the exothermal transformation of calcium carbide with water, Carbide is obtained from the reaction of lime and car- bon in the arc furnace.C2H2 tends to decompose already at a pressure of 0.2 MPa. Nonetheless, commercial quantities can be stored when C2H2 is dis- solved in acetone.

Acetone disintegrates at a pressure of more than 1.8 MPa, i.e., with a filling pressure of 1.5 MPa the storage of 6m3 of C2H2 is possible in a standard cylinder (40 l). For gas ex- change (storage and drawing of quantities up to 700 l/h) a larger surface is necessary, therefore the gas cylinders are filled with a porous mass (diatomite). Gas consumption during welding can be observed from the weight reduction of the gas cylinder.

gas welding pdf

Maglev Levitation Trains

ABSTRACT:

The report titled ‘MAGLEV TRAINS’ accomplishes a research on the developing discipline of magnetic levitation and its application to transportation through trains. It provides detailed information about the evolution of maglev science, its progression and improvisation till date. High-speed magnetically levitated ground transportation (maglev) is a new surface mode of transportation, in which vehicles glide above their guideways, suspended, guided, and propelled by magnetic forces. This report tries to explain the complexities involved in this technology in a simple but precise manner, so that all the methods implemented in it are understood by the reader at prima facie. This report, tries to compare the conventional modes of transport with maglev trains in various aspects such as safety, durability, speed, comfort and so on. Thus, providing the advantages and disadvantages of the trains. Further, this report helps us to learn about the various cities around the world, where maglev trains currently run and also provides an overview of the proposals for such trains, which are being considered as a promising investment globally. Consecutively, it deals with the accidents that have occurred at places where maglev trains have been implemented and the reasons that triggered them. This data has been included so that such incidents may be avoided in the future and in order that certain necessary modifications are made to improve the safety measures of these trains. Capable of travelling at speeds of 250 to 300 miles-per-hour or higher, maglev would offer an attractive and convenient alternative for travellers between large urban areas for trips of up to 600 miles. It would also help relieve current and projected air and highway congestion by substituting for short-haul air trips, thus releasing capacity for more efficient long-haul service at crowded airports, and by diverting a portion of highway trips. Finally, our report gives a peek into the future expansions of maglev trains and thus undoubtedly assures its readers that maglev trains are no longer a science fiction, and are in fact the future of world transportation.


maglev levitation trains ppt

HEAT TRANFER ENHANCEMENT BY NANOFLUIDS

ABSTRACT

           

           

Nano fluids  are suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids that show significant enhancement of their properties at modest nanoparticle concentrations. Many of the publications on nanofluids are about understanding their behaviour so that they can be utilized where straight heat transfer enhancement is paramount as in many industrial applications, nuclear reactors, transportation, electronics as well as biomedicine and food. This seminar focuses on explaining the basic mechanisms of improvement in heat transfer by addition nano particles.

HEAT TRANFER ENHANCEMENT BY NANO FLUIDS report

heat transfer enhancement by nano fluids ppt

HCCI Engine

ABSRACT

      HCCI has characteristics of the two most popular forms of combustion used in IC engines: homogeneous charge spark ignition (gasoline engines) and stratified charge compression ignition (diesel engines). As in homogeneous charge spark ignition, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together. However, rather than using an electric discharge to ignite a portion of the mixture, the concentration and temperature of the mixture are raised by compression until the entire mixture reacts spontaneously. Stratified charge compression ignition also relies on temperature increase and concentration resulting from compression, but combustion occurs at the boundary of fuel-air mixing, caused by an injection event, to initiate combustion.

The defining characteristic of HCCI is that the ignition occurs at several places at a time which makes the fuel/air mixture burn nearly simultaneously. There is no direct initiator of combustion. This makes the process inherently challenging to control. However, with advances in microprocessors and a physical understanding of the ignition process, HCCI can be controlled to achieve gasoline engine-like emissions along with diesel engine-like efficiency. In fact, HCCI engines have been shown to achieve extremely low levels of Nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) without aftertreatment catalytic converter. The unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are still high (due to lower peak temperatures), as in gasoline engines, and must still be treated to meet automotive emission regulations.

HCCI ENGINE report

HCCI Engine ppt 7

HCCI Engine ppt 6

HCCI Engine ppt 5

HCCI Engine ppt 4

HCCI Engine ppt 3

HCCI Engine ppt 2

HCCI Engine ppt 1

PLASMA GASIFICATION MELTING PROCESS

ABSTRACT 

Many areas have a need for establishing or extending landfill. As an alternative to the existing   concept   of   a   landfill,   a   new   waste-disposal technology    named    Plasma    Gasification  Melting  (PGM)  was  developed.  Plasma  Arc technology has been applied to the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW).  This  recent development  would  eliminate  or  minimize  the need  for  a  landfill  and  this  approach  is known   as   Plasma   Arc   Gasification   process   for   the treatment of MSW. A pilot PGM reactor was constructed in northern Israel. The reactor is an updraft   moving-bed   gasifier,with  plasma  torches  placed  next  to  air  nozzles  to  heat  the incoming air to 6000oC. The inorganic  substances  of  the  feedstock  are  melted  by  the  high-temperature  air  to  form  a vitrified slag in which undesirable materials such as heavy metals are trapped. The residual heat in the air supplies additional heat for the gasification process. A  series  of  tests  were conducted   to   study   the   performance   of   PGM   gasification.   For air   gasification,   the syngas   LHV (Lower Heating Value) decreased   with   increasing   ER( equivalence ratio ), whereas   the  gas  yield   and energy efficiency increased with ER. When high-temperature steam was fed into the reactor,  the overall gas yield was increased  significantly,  and the syngas LHV also increased slightly. The  positive  effect  may  be  attributed  to  the  steam reforming   of   tar.   The maximum  energy efficiency of the tests reached 58%. The main energy loss was due to the formation of tar.

PLASMA GASIFICATION MELTING PROCESS ppt

PLASMA GASIFICATION MELTING PROCESS report

LASER IGNITION

Abstract :

Laser ignition has become an active research topic in recent years because it has the potential to replace the conventional electric spark plugs in engines. Compared to conventional spark ignition laser ignition allows more flexible choice of the ignition location inside the combustion chamber with the possibility to ignite even inside the fuel spray. Modern engines are required to operate under much higher compression ratios, faster compression rates, and much leaner fuel-to-air ratios than gas engines today. It is anticipated that the igniter in these engines will face with pressures as high as 50MPa and temperatures as high as 4000 K. Using the conventional ignition system, the required voltage and energy must be greatly increased (voltages in excess of 40 kV) to reliably ignite the air and fuel mixture under these conditions. Increasing the voltage and energy does not always improve ignitability but it does create greater reliability problem. Experiments with the direct injection engine have been carried out at the fundamental wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser as well as with a frequency doubled system Experiments show that above a certain threshold intensity of the laser beam at the window even highly polluted surfaces could be cleaned with the first laser pulse which is important for operation in real world engines.


laser ignition ppt


laser ignition report

Dual Clutch Transmission

ABSTRACT:

           

            The twin-clutch transmission, also known as the Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) or dual-clutch transmission, is an automated transmission that can change gears faster than any other geared transmission. Twin-clutch transmissions deliver more power and better control than a traditional automatic transmission and faster performance than a manual transmission. Two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets are utilized by it. It can be imagined as two separate manual transmission working as one unit. They are operated in a fully automatic mode. It eliminates torque converter as used in conventional epicyclical-geared automatic transmissions but use two oil-bathed two wet multi-plate clutches. It eliminates the lag, thus improving acceleration and engine performance overall. One of them is responsible for controlling the odd gears, such as first, third and reverse, while the other manages the even gears – second, fourth and others.

Dual Clutch Transmission ppt

Dual clutch transmission report